In diverse, multi-ethnic societies, stability is only achievable when all groups feel included and valued. In Ethiopia, a central question in politics has been understanding the causes behind the country's struggles, especially state failures in the 20th century. Although there is consensus that past governments—both the Imperial (1930-1974) and the military regimes (1974-1991)—failed to address critical political and economic issues, opinions differ on the reasons for this failure. Some believe these conflicts stem from “national oppression” of ethnic groups, while others argue it’s a political struggle centered on control over state power. The reality likely involves both, pointing to Ethiopia’s challenge in creating an inclusive multicultural state that respects political power, economic resources, identity, and language differences among its people.

The Period of Written Constitutions in Ethiopia

For a constitution to work well, it should reflect the people's values, give legitimacy to the government, and direct how power is exercised. Unfortunately, Ethiopia’s constitutions have struggled to meet these ideals.

Ethiopian history traces back as far as the 10th century BC, or officially, to the Axumite civilization from the 1st century AD to around 1150. The country is often regarded as the birthplace of humanity due to the 1974 discovery of Dinknesh, or "Lucy," a 3.5-million-year-old human ancestor found in Hadar, Afar. Yet, Ethiopian historiography is controversial, with varying views on its origins and timeline. Some see Ethiopian civilization as purely homegrown (the "Axumite paradigm"), while others suggest it was influenced by Sabeans who crossed over from Yemen, bringing elements of civilization with them.