“The importance of ensuring the broadest possible civic space in every country cannot be overstated…The protection of the civic space, and the empowerment of human rights defenders, needs to become a key priority for every principled global, regional and national actor."

Ms.Michelle Bachelet, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights October 29, 2018, Human Rights Defenders World Summit.

Ethiopia has been implementing justice reform programs for more than 15 years now.  This program is comprehensive and includes all the justice institutions at the federal and regional levels.  Within each institution, the reform program incorporates various components. 

ICT is used as an important tool to achieve many of the objectives set in the justice reform program.  Thus ICT is not seen as an end by itself but as a means to achieve other justice ends.  The ICT system was locally designed, implemented and expanded within this mindset.  The current system used by the courts is quite advanced but it reached this stage by responding to growing justice needs some of which were created by the new ICT system itself.

ሕግ ጭራሽ ካለመከበሩ በከፋ ተመርጦ ሲከበር የበለጠ አልተከበረም፡፡ አሁን ባለን መረጃ ሀገሪቱ ከቻይና ጋር ስለገባነው የብድር ስምምነት የሚያትትውን 1000ኛውን አዋጅ ካወጀች ብኋላ  እንኳ ከመቶ በላይ አዋጆች ወጥተዋል፡፡ ኑሮው፣ ፖለቲካው፣ ኢኮኖሚውና ማህበራዊ ጉዳያችን ብዙ ነው እና ሕጎቹ በዙ አይደለም ጉዳዩ፡፡ ስንቱ በርግጥ ወጥቶ ሥራ ላይ ዋለ ነው ጥያቄው፡፡ የማናከብረውን እና የማንተገብረውን ሕግ ማውጣት ከሕግ አልባነት አይሻልም፡፡ 

Birth registration is defined as the ‘official recording of a child’s birth by the State’. It is also a lasting and official record of a child’s existence, which usually includes the ‘name of the child, date and place of birth, as well as, where possible, the name, age or date of birth, place of usual residence and nationality of both parents.’

It would be appropriate to begin by saying few words about the New York Convention for the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards which came into being in 1948. By the way, our Civil Procedure Code was enacted in 1948 E.C; while the convention was passed in 1948 G.C. Now, simply put, it is a very popular convention in the international arbitration community and is used to enforce an arbitral award (both commercial and non-commercial) in another country.

“The world can never be at peace unless people have security in their daily lives.”

UNDP. 1994. Human Development Report 1994.

When governments or non-state actors do horrible, cruel and unjust things to their citizens we are now likely to describe those actions as violations of human rights instead of simply saying that they are unjust, immoral, or barbaric. Human rights are not just illusions they are certain basic entitlements tied to all human beings irrespective of any status.

ለዚህ ጽሑፍ ምክንያት የሆነኝ ከታች እንደተገለጸው አንድ ተከራካሪ ወገን በፍ/ቤት ክርክር በሚያቀርብበት ወቅት ሊያጋጥሙት ከሚችሉ ጉዳዮች አንዱ ከችሎት ይነሳልኝ (ችሎት ይቀየርልኝ) በሚል የሚቀርብ አቤቱታ ሲሆን ዳኞች ከችሎት የሚነሱባቸውን ምክንያቶችና ባለጉዳዮች ምን ማድረግ እንዳለባቸው በአዋጅ ቁጥር 25/88 ከአንቀጽ 27 እስከ 30 ባሉት ድንጋጌዎች የተመለከተ ሲሆን የዚህ ጽሑፍ ዋነኛ አላማ እነዚህን ምክንያቶች ማብራራት ሳይሆን ማመልከቻው ውድቅ ቢደረግ አመልካቹ (ተከራካሪው) ሊቀጣ የሚችለውን አዋጁ በአንቀጽ 30 ላይ ያስቀመጠውን የገንዘብ መቀጫ አግባብነትና ፍትሃዊነት ላይ ሃሳብ ለመስጠት ነው፡፡

Government contract placing is not left to the whim of the individual power holders at the various hierarchies of the government structure. What officials of the government do with the public expenditure should be transparent, and those wielding the power should be accountable to the general public for each and every activity that they do and have it done on behalf of the public. In order to promote efficiency and value-for-money, effectiveness, transparency and probity in the process of government contract formation and to make officials involved in public procurement processes accountable, and thereby curb wide and expansive corrupt practices in their territories, governments have been trying hard to come up with the best possible modern procurement rules. However, irregularities still face almost all public contracts awarding particularly when it is for public construction project. The finding shows that the effects of irregularities in public contract awarding are 1) keeping a public contract awarding with arithmetic error correction when such irregularities are insignificant, 2) reviewing and setting aside a public contract awarding when such irregularities are significant and can affect the outcome of the procurement, 3) avoiding a public contract awarding at all when it is unlawful, 4) disputes between procuring entity and bidders, and 5) civil, administrative and disciplinary, and criminal Liabilities against an employee of procuring entity and/or bidders.

በሀገራችን ኢትዮጵያ የፀጥታ ችግር በተለያዩ ጊዜያትና ቦታዎች ሲከሰት መንግሥት በሕግ የተቀመጠለትን መደበኛውን የአስቸኳይ ጊዜ አዋጅ በመጠቀም ፈንታ በስም የተለየ ነገር ግን በአተገባበር ከአስቸኳይ ጊዜ አዋጅ ጋር ተመሳሳይነት ያለውን የሕግ ማስከበር መንገድ ‘ኮማንድ ፖስት’ በሚል ስያሜ እያዘወተረ እየተጠቀመ ይገኛል፡፡ ከዚህም በመነሳት ህብረተሰቡም ይህንኑ ኮማንድ ፖስት የተባለውን ስያሜ እኩል ከአስቸኳይ ጊዜ አዋጅ ጋር አገናኝቶ ሲጠቀም ይስተዋላል፡፡ ይህም የሆነበት ምክንያት ኮማንድ ፖስት መንግሥት በመደበኛ የሕግ ማስከበር መንገድ ሕግን ማስከበር ሲቸገር እየተጠቀመው የሚገኝና በተግባርም የግለሰቦችን መብት የሚገድቡ ክልከላዎችን ጭምር በማውጣት በተግባር ተጠያቂ እያደረገ በመስተዋሉ ነው፡፡ ብዙን ጊዜ ይህንን አዋጅ ሲያውጅ የሚስተዋለው በፌደራል ደረጃ የተዋቀረ ‘ብሔራዊ የፀጥታ ም/ቤት’ የሚባል አካል እነደሆነ ይደመጣል፡፡ ይህ አካል አዋጁን ያውጅ ዘንድ በሕገ-መንግሥቱ ሥልጣን የተሰጠው አካል እንዳይደለ መረዳትም ይቻላል፡፡

 ሀ. ወደኋላ ሄዶ ተግባራዊ የሚያደርጉ የታክስና ጉምሩክ ሕግ ድንጋጌዎች ሕገ መንግሥታዊነት 

የታክስና የጉምሩክ ሕጎች ስንል ምን ማለታችን ነው? ከሕገ መንግሥቱ ጋር ያላቸው ዝምድናስ ምን ይመስላል ?

በታክስ አስተዳደር አዋጅ ቁጥር 983/08 አንቀጽ 2(36) መሠረት የታክስ ሕግ ማለት የጉምሩክ ሕግን ሳይጨምር የታክስ አስተዳደር አዋጅ፣ የፌደራል የገቢ ግብር አዋጅ፣ የተጨማሪ እሴት ታክስ አዋጅ፣ የኤክሳይስ ታክስ አዋጅ፣ የቴምብርና የተርን ኦቨር ታክስ አዋጅ፣ ታክስ/ቀረጥ/ክፍያ ለመጣል የሚወጣ ሕግ እንድሁም እነዚህን አዋጆች መሠረት በማድረግ የሚወጡ ደንብና መመሪያዎችን ያካትታል፡፡ የጉምሩክ ሕግ ማለት ደግሞ በጉምሩክ አዋጅ ቁጥር 859/06 አንቀጽ 2(39) መሠረት የጉምሩክ አዋጁን፣ አዋጁን ተከትለው የሚወጡ የጉምሩክ ደንብና መመሪያዎችን እንድሁም የኢትዮጵያ ገቢዎችና ጉምሩክ ባለስልጣን /የአሁኑ ገቢዎች ሚኒሰቴር/ የሚያስፈፀማቸውን ሌሎች ሕጎች ያካትታል፡፡