1. The right to work of refugees

 The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights recognized by different human rights instruments. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) under its Article 23 declared the right to work as a fundamental human right.

የኢትዮጵያ የውርስ ሕግ ኑዛዜ ማለት ምን ማለት እንደሆነ የሰጠው ትርጉም ባይኖርም አንድ ኑዛዜ ህጋዊ ውጤት እንዲኖረው ማሟላት የሚገባቸውን መስፈርቶች ምን ምን እንደሆኑ በዝርዝር የሚያስቀምጡ የሕግ ድንጋጌዎችን ከፍትሐብሔር ህግ ቁጥር 857 እስከ 908 ተደንግጎ እናገኘዋለን፡፡ በዚህ ጽሁፍ ኑዛዜ በምን አግባብ ቢደረግ በሕግ ዘንድ ውጤት ይኖረዋል፤በውርስ ሕጋችን ላይ የተቀመጡት የኑዛዜ አደራረግ ስርዓቶች አስገዳጅነታቸው እስከምን ድርስ እንደሆነና ኑዛዜ በፍርድ ቤት ቢጸድቅ ሊያስገኝ የሚችለው ውጤትና ባለመጽደቁ የሚያመጣው ተጽእኖ ምን እንደሆነ ከውርስ ሕግ እና አስገጋጅ ከሆኑ የፌዴራል ጠቅላይ ፍርድ ቤት የሰበር ውሳኔዎች አንጻር  በአጭሩ ዳሰሳ ለማድርግ ተሞክሯል፡፡ 

A minimum wage is the lowest wage that employers may legally pay to workers. The purpose of minimum wages is to protect workers against unduly low pay and they are essentially labour market interventions used by governments either as instruments of political macroeconomics or as social tools. Governments introducing minimum wage policy and legislations basically aim to protect low-income workers through the introduction of minimum wages based on country specific factors.

If you have an interest on a property and this interest is registered, it will have legal effects on third parties. The idea is the third party knew or should have known of a prior interest registered before the acquisition of his own interest. The government enhances certainty and security of land transactions by providing a registry system. The purpose of this registry system is to register anyone who has prescribed interests (such as mortgage) on a land so that third parties can inspect the registry and decide whether to make another transaction. There is of course a practical question of as to whether the current registry system provides such service to inquirers. Leaving this aside, another question is what if the interest is not registered because the law does not require such interest to be registered in the first place or because of other reasons. Consider the following:

Introduction

The Federal Court Proclamation no 25/96 its amendment, which has been in force for many years, is repealed and replaced by the federal courts' Proclamation number 1234/2021.  When we look at the existing proclamation, the new law introduced new elements. In these short notes, we will briefly explore the new features of the proclamation and the reason behind the improvements of the proclamation to its current content.

Introduction

Before the enactment of movable property security right proclamation, Ethiopian movable security right law is ultimately unsatisfactory because it is fragmented, and contained in four different pieces of legislation: The Civil and Commercial Codes, the Business Mortgage Proclamation, the Proclamation to Provide for a Warehouse Receipts System (Warehouse Receipts Proclamation), and the Capital Goods Leasing Business Proclamation. Under this system, security rights in many movable assets are not registered.

Before the enactments of the Federal Administrative Procedure Proclamation, there is a gap in the Ethiopian legal regime due to the absence of administrative procedure law. This is a neglected subject both by the legal academia and practitioners. It is very difficult and challenges to talk about the history of administrative law in Ethiopia. Administrative law is still not well developed, and it is an area of law characterized by the lack of legislative reform.

የዚህ ጽሑፍ ዋና ዓላማ ያለደረሰኝ ግብይት የማከናወን ወንጀል ላይ መሠረታዊ የሆነ መረዳት እንዲኖር ማድረግ እና ያለደረሰኝ ግብይት ከማከናወን ወንጀል ጋር በተያያዘ እየቀረቡ ያሉ አንዳንድ ማብራሪያዎች (commentaries) ላይ የሚስተዋሉትን ግድፈቶች ማቃናት አስፈላጊ ሆኖ በመገኘቱ ነው፡፡

ለፌዴራል እና ለክልል ሕግ አውጪ ምክር ቤቶች የሕዝብ እንደራሴዎችን ለመምረጥ የሚከናወነው መጪው አገር አቀፍ ምርጫ ከተደጋጋሚ መስተጓጎሎች በኋላ የድምጽ መስጫ ዕለቱ ሰኔ 14 ቀን 2013 ዓ.ም እንዲደረግ ቀን ተቆርጦለት ዝግጅቶቹ ቀጥለዋል፡፡ ይህ ምርጫ ከዓመት በፊት ማለትም በሕገ-መንግሥታዊ ትርጉም ከመራዘሙ በፊት ካለው ጊዜ ጋር ሲነጻጸር፤ በትግራዩ ጦርነት፣ በሰላምና ደህንነት ስጋቶቹ፣ የተዳከመው የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች እንቅስቃሴ፣ የተጽዕኖ ፈጣሪ ፖለቲከኞች እስር፣ የኮሮና ቫይረስ ስርጭት እና የውጪ አገራት ጫና ያደበዘዘው ይመስላል፡፡ እንዲህም ሆኖ ግን፤ ድህረ-2010 የታዩት የሕግ እና የተቋማት ማሻሻያዎች፣ አንጻራዊ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች፣ የመገናኛ ብዙኃን እና የሲቪክ ምሕዳሮች ስፋት የዘንድሮውን ምርጫ በጉጉት ተጠባቂ እንዲሆን ማድረጋቸው አልቀረም፡፡

አዋጅ ቁጥር-1160/2011 የጉምሩክ አዋጅ 859/2006 ማሻሻያ አዋጅ ሲሆን በዚህ አዋጅ የጉምሩክ አዋጅ 859/2006 ውስጥ ባሉት አንዳንድ ድንጋጌዎች ላይ ማሻሻያ ተደርጓል፡፡ ከተደረጉ ማሻሻያዎች በዋናነት የሚጠቀሰው በአከራካሪ የወንጀል ድንጋጌዎች ላይ የተደረገው ማሻሻያ ሲሆን በዚህ ፅሁፍ በማሻሻያ አዋጁ የተሸሩ፣የተሸሻሉና እንደ አዲስ የተካተቱ የወንጀል ድንጋጌዎች አጠር ባለመልኩ ተዳሰዋል፡፡