ፍጹም ይፍራሸዋ ለሰጠኀኝ አስተያየት እና ለላክልኝ ጽሁፍ አመሰግናለሁ፡፡ በጽሁፋ ላይ ለማንሳት የወደድኩት የንግድ ምልክት በኢትዮጵያ ህጎች ደረጃ ቀለል ባለ ሁኔታ ግንዛቤ ለማስጨበጥ ያህል ነው፡፡ በሌላው ጸሃፊ የተጻፈውንና አንተም የላክልኝን በዚሁ ድረ-ገጽ ላይ ስለ ንግድ ምልክት የተጻፈውን ጽሁፍ ለማየት ሞክሬያለሁ፡፡ ጸሃፊው በንድግ ምልክቶች ላይ የጻፈው ጽሁፍ ጠቃሚና ስለንግድ ምልክቶች ለማወቅ የሚረዳ መሆኑን ለማስገንዘብም እወዳለሁ፡፡ ይህም በጽ/ቤቱ በስራ ባሳለፍኩባቸው ግዝያቶች አጠቃላይ ከሚታዩ ሁኔታዎች ይልቅ በአሰራርና ህጉን በተገቢው መንገድ በኢንተርናሽናል ደረጃና ከህጉ አላማ አንጻር መሬት ላይ ለማውረድ ችግር ወደፈጠሩት ሁኔታዎች ትኩረት ሰጥቸ እንድጽፍ አነሳስቶኛል፡፡ሆኖም ግን በጽሁፉ ላይ መስተካከል ይገባቸዋል የምላቸውን ነገሮች ከዚህ በታች እንደሚከተለው ለማቅረብ እወዳለሁ፡፡

The attorney-client professional relationship is protected by law in every legal system. The protection conferred to professional privilege serves different purposes. From the human rights protection point of view, confidentiality of information obtained during legal advice or legal proceedings promotes the right to a fair trial, the right to privacy, and the right not to incriminate oneself. It protects citizens from arbitrary encroachment of their rights by investigatory authorities.

Distinct from conventional crimes, “organized crime” involves committing a series of crimes by criminal groups. The offenses range from traditional piracy and the slave trade to present-day cybercrime and nuclear smuggling. The Italian Mafia, the Chinese Triads, the Colombian drug cartels, the Japan Yakuza and the Nigerian Criminal groups are examples of organized criminal groups.

Codification was predominantly regarded as a radical reform in form and substance and ‘reform’ is one of the core features of continental European codification that Weiss has identified. The element of ‘reform’ is concerned with whether or not codification changes the form and substance of existing laws. By examining the five historical codifications, Weiss demonstrates that codification is always a combination of change in form and change in substance.

Courts; as one and perhaps as the most tasks of their purposes and responsibilities, engage in rendering a fair and equitable decision among parties in law suit. Decisions of a court can either be criminal or civil nature. If the case brought before the court involves criminal nature, the court will give decision by adhering to the rules and procedure provided under criminal law and criminal procedure respectively. Police or prison administration is an organ entrusted with enforcing court’s decision.

Codification has often been the means of realizing unification within a particular country and Weiss identified national legal unification as a core feature of continental European codification. Codification often served to attain legal and political unity with previously heterogeneous legal sources. This was particularly true in the nineteenth century, when codification became linked to the emergence of modem nation-states.

A principal-agent relationship is like a tripartite contract where the agent enters into any legal transaction on behalf of the principal. Art 2199 of the Civil Code defines agency as “a contract whereby a person, the agent, agrees with another person, the principal, to represent him and perform on his behalf one or several legally binding acts.” Such an authority can be conferred by court or by agreement of the parties.

SIMPLICITY

Simplicity is the last core feature of continental European codification that Weiss has identified. While the element of a gap-less code was addressed to the judiciary, and the systematic element spoke to legal scholars, the element of simplicity is referred to the citizen. Simplicity does not refer only to the technicality of drafting laws.

SYSTEM

System is commonly regarded as the main characteristics of modern codification and Weiss has identified ‘system’ as a third core feature of continental European codification. The goal of capturing the substance of the law in the form of comprehensive and systematic code is one actively pursued in different countries. A code collects and regulates different fields of law into one organized system.

Dispute settlement modalities, other than judicial litigation, were known even before the era of codification. They were continuously practiced as a traditional form of settling grievances. It had different names, like shimgelina, giligil. Irrespective of the nomenclature, each of these institutions sought to reach at amicable solution between the disputants.