የበጎ አድራጎት ድርጅቶችና ማህበራት አዋጅ ከበጎ አድራጎት ኮሚቴ በቀር ለሁሉም የበጎ አድራጎት ድርጅቶችና ማህበራት ሦስት የህልውና ደረጃዎችን ያስቀምጣል፡፡ እነዚህም ምስረታ፣ ምዝገባ እና ፈቃድ ናቸው፡፡ ምስረታ የምንለው የበጎ አድራጎት ድርጅቱን ወይም ማህበሩን ለመፍጠር አስፈላጊ የሚሆኑበት የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ነው፡፡ የዚህ ደረጃ ዋነኛ መለያው ሶስት ወር ገደማ በሚሆነው በዚህ ጊዜ ውስጥ ድርጅቱ ወይም ማህበሩ ሕጋዊ ሰውነት የሌለውና በሕግ ፊት ውጤት ያላቸውን ተግባራት ለማከናወን ያለው ብቃትም ውሱን መሆኑ ነው፡፡ በተለይም በድርጅቱ ወይም በማህበሩ ስም ገንዘብ የማሰባሰብ ብቃቱ ውሱን ወይም በሕግ የተገደበ ይሆናል፡፡ ይህ የመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ድርጅቱ ወይም ማህበሩ ሲመዘገብ ወይም ባለመመዝገቡ ምክንያት ህልውናውን ሲያጣ የሚጠናቀቅ ይሆናል፡፡
The Charities and Societies Proclamation refers to three stages in the coming into operation of charities and societies except charitable committees. These are: formation, registration and licensing. Formation refers to the early stage where the situations necessary for the coming into being of the charity or society as an entity are put into place. The most distinct feature of this stage is that the charity or society does not have legal personality during this stage, which usually takes a period of three months. As such, its capacity to engage in acts with legal consequences (juridical acts) is limited. Most notably, it is limited in its capacity to raise funds. This stage reaches its end either upon registration or when the charity or society ceases to exist for failure to apply for registration.
በአገር ውስጥ እና በተለይም ወደ ሌሎች አገራት የሚካሄድ ሕገወጥ የሰዎች ዝውውር በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የላቀ ትኩረት እያገኘ መጥቷል፡፡ ይህም ትኩረት በቅርቡ ጉዳዩ እያገኘ ካለው ሰፊ የሚድያ ሽፋን ባሻገር ችግሩን ለመፍታት በተከታታይ በመንግስት እየተወሰዱ ያሉ የሕግ፣ የፖሊሲና የፕሮግራም እርምጃዎች ላይ ይንፀባረቃል፡፡ ለዚህ ጉዳይ የተሰጠው ትኩረት ይበል የሚያሰኝ ቢሆንም አልፎ አልፎ ሕገወጥ የሰዎች ዝውውር ምንነት ጋር በተያያዘ የተወሰነ ግራ መጋባት ይታያል፡፡ ይሕ አጭር ጽሁፍ ይህንን ክፍተት ለመሙላት ለሚደረው ጥረት አስተዋጽኦ ያደርጋል በሚል እምነት የተዘጋጀ ነው፡፡
It will be unwise to begin the essay without introducing the reader about injunction in Ethiopian Civil Procedure Code (CPC). Injunction is one form of provisional measure ordered by a competent judicial organ to the requesting party. Robert Allen Sedler, a famous author on Ethiopian civil procedure, says that it may be necessary to make provision for the protection of the parties and the maintenance of the property in dispute pending the final determination of the case. The court is vested with exclusive power to issue provisional measures until the final judgement.
Parties’ freedom to agree on any matter extends to agree to resolve their dispute either judicial litigation or arbitration. Arbitration is a system of dispute settlement where by disputants takes their case before arbitrators of their own choice. The civil code defines it “as a contract whereby the parties to a dispute entrust its solution to a third party, the arbitrator, who undertakes to settle the dispute in accordance with the principles of law.” (Art 3325(1)).
Introduction
It has been more than thirteen years since the International Criminal Court was established and started its operation on most serious crimes of international concern, namely Genocide, crime against humanity, crimes of war and aggression. The Court was established by virtue of the Rome statute as a permanent international criminal tribunal independent from other United Nations bodies. To date, all cases that have been investigated by ICC are from Africa, specifically on Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Mali, Sudan, Libya, Kenya and Cote d’Ivoire. African countries generally have cooperated in the early stages of the establishment of ICC.
የዛሬው ጽሑፍ የሚያጠነጥነው በወንጀል ሕግ ዙሪያ ነው፡፡ የወንጀል ሕግና የኅብረተሰቡ የሞራል አስተሳሰብ የጠበቀ ቁርኝት አላቸው፡፡ በአብዛኛው በኅብረተሰቡ እንደ ኃጢያት ወይም ነውር የሚቆጠሩ ድርጊቶች በወንጀል ሕግም የሚያስጠይቁ ናቸው፡፡ አመንዝራነት፣ ስርቆት፣ ስድብ፣ ግብረሰዶም ወዘተ. ኃጢያት ወይም ነው ብቻ ሳይሆኑ ወንጀልም ተደርገው በወንጀል ሕጉ እንደሚያስቀጡ ተመልክቶ እናገኛለን፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ ኃጢያት ወይም ነውር የሆነ ድርጊት ሁሉ ግን ወንጀል ላይሆን ይችላል፡፡ ዝሙት አዳሪነት ለዓብነት ብንመለከት ድርጊቱ ኃጢያት ወይም ነውር መሆኑ ባያጠያይቅም፣ በወንጀል ሕጋችን በመርህ ደረጃ የወንጀል ኃላፊነት የማያስከትል ድርጊት ሆኖ እናገኘዋለን፡፡
ፍጹም ይፍራሸዋ ለሰጠኀኝ አስተያየት እና ለላክልኝ ጽሁፍ አመሰግናለሁ፡፡ በጽሁፋ ላይ ለማንሳት የወደድኩት የንግድ ምልክት በኢትዮጵያ ህጎች ደረጃ ቀለል ባለ ሁኔታ ግንዛቤ ለማስጨበጥ ያህል ነው፡፡ በሌላው ጸሃፊ የተጻፈውንና አንተም የላክልኝን በዚሁ ድረ-ገጽ ላይ ስለ ንግድ ምልክት የተጻፈውን ጽሁፍ ለማየት ሞክሬያለሁ፡፡ ጸሃፊው በንድግ ምልክቶች ላይ የጻፈው ጽሁፍ ጠቃሚና ስለንግድ ምልክቶች ለማወቅ የሚረዳ መሆኑን ለማስገንዘብም እወዳለሁ፡፡ ይህም በጽ/ቤቱ በስራ ባሳለፍኩባቸው ግዝያቶች አጠቃላይ ከሚታዩ ሁኔታዎች ይልቅ በአሰራርና ህጉን በተገቢው መንገድ በኢንተርናሽናል ደረጃና ከህጉ አላማ አንጻር መሬት ላይ ለማውረድ ችግር ወደፈጠሩት ሁኔታዎች ትኩረት ሰጥቸ እንድጽፍ አነሳስቶኛል፡፡ሆኖም ግን በጽሁፉ ላይ መስተካከል ይገባቸዋል የምላቸውን ነገሮች ከዚህ በታች እንደሚከተለው ለማቅረብ እወዳለሁ፡፡
The attorney-client professional relationship is protected by law in every legal system. The protection conferred to professional privilege serves different purposes. From the human rights protection point of view, confidentiality of information obtained during legal advice or legal proceedings promotes the right to a fair trial, the right to privacy, and the right not to incriminate oneself. It protects citizens from arbitrary encroachment of their rights by investigatory authorities.
Distinct from conventional crimes, “organized crime” involves committing a series of crimes by criminal groups. The offenses range from traditional piracy and the slave trade to present-day cybercrime and nuclear smuggling. The Italian Mafia, the Chinese Triads, the Colombian drug cartels, the Japan Yakuza and the Nigerian Criminal groups are examples of organized criminal groups.