Speaking of the current Russia-Ukraine crisis, here is an interesting but less visible international legal dimension to the story.

Ukraine used to be part of the Soviet Union, during which time it had possessed huge stockpile of nuclear weapons arsenal – actually the third largest stockpile in the world at the time. Russia would not have ventured into Crimea today had Ukraine maintained possession of those nuclear weapons. What happened in 1994 was dramatic, and a bit embarrassing for Ukraine.

ዛሬ በጠዋቱ ዜናው በሙሉ ከአዲስ አበባ ወደ ሮም ሲጓዝ የነበረን 202 ሰዎችን ያሳፈረ የኢትዮጵያ አውሮፕላን 'መጠለፍ' ጉዳይ ነበር፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ኮሙንኬሽን ጉዳዮች ሚኒስትር ‹ጠላፊው ካርቱም ላይ የተሳፈረ ሰው ይመስላል› ቢሉም በመጨረሻ አውሮፕላኑ ካርቱም ላይ ከነጭራሹ እንዳላረፈና ጠላፊውም ረዳት ፓይለቱ እንደሆነ ተረጋግጧል፡፡ ረዳት ፓይለቱ ለምን ይሄን ተግባር እንደፈፀመ ሲጠየቅም ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ መኖር ስጋት ላይ እንደጣለው በመግለፅ፤ ሲዊዘርላንድ ጥገኝነት እንድትሰጠው ጠይቋል፡፡

In 2002, when I was doing my undergraduate degree, our contract law teacher started talking about period of limitation and its effect. I neither had a concept nor an argument about period of limitation under art 1845 of the civil code. I attended the whole class, tried to understand arguments, justifications and ration d’être of the period of limitation. Mulugeta Mengist, in his monograph says that period of limitation is used to ensure certainty and predictability in transactions.

ፕሬዝደንቱ የስልጣን ጊዜአቸውን ጨርሰው ከሥልጣን ሊወርዱ የወራት ወይም የቀናት ዕድሜ ነው የቀራቸው። ከሥልጣን ከመውረዳቸው በፊት ግን ለወደፊት ሕይወታቸው ገንዘብ ለመሰብሰብ የሚያስችላቸው አንድ አጋጣሚ ከፊታቸው ተደቅኗል። ይህ በሚሊዮን የሚቆጠር ዶላር የሚያስገኝ አጋጣሚ አሁን ባላቸው የፕሬዝዳንትነት ስልጣን ሊያደርጉት የሚችሉት ነገር ነው። ይህ አጋጣሚ “ፕሬዝደንታዊ ይቅርታ” (Presidential pardon) ነው። እስረኛው ይህንን ይቅርታ አግኝቶ ከእስር ከተፈታ የሚከፍለው ገንዘብ እጅግ ብዙ በመሆኑ በሥልጣን ደላላዎች (Power brokers) አማካኝነት ገንዘቡን ተቀብሎ የይቅርታ ሰነዶቹ ላይ ፈረመ።

World Trade Organization (WTO) was established with the main objective of liberalizing multilateral trade, based on the belief that trade liberalization brings multiple benefits to the world population. To this end, the preamble to the Agreement Establishing the WTO (Marrakesh Agreement), provides that “[t]he Parties to this Agreement, recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic [endeavor] should be conducted to raise standards of living, ensure full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand.”

Seerrii yakkaa meeshaa dudhaalee hawaasa tokko (adda addaa) kan calaqisiisuu fi tarkaanfachiisuu dha. Yakkii yeroo kamiyyuu hawaasa keessatti uummamuu kan danda’u waan ta’eef kanaan wal-qabate adabbii yakkamtoota irratti fudhatamuun isaa waan haafu miti. Kana taanaan akkaata murtiin adabbii ittiin murtaa’u waliin wal qabatee qabxiilee ka’uu qaban keessaa kaayyoon seera yakka nageenyafi tasgabbii hawaasa eeguuf akka meeshatti kan gargaaru ta’uu isaati. Hawaasicha kan eeguus yakkii akka hin raawwatamne ittisuun yoo ta’uu, kanas karaa ittin galmaan gahu keessaa tokko adabbiidha. Raawwattoonni yakka adabamuun isaanii, yakka biraa raawwachuu irraa akka of qusatan kan isaan taasisuu yommuu ta’u, darbees namoota yakka raawwataniifis akeekkachiisa ta’a.

የኦሮሞ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ንቅናቄ (ኦፌዴን) ምክትል ሊቀመንበርና የኢትዮጵያ ፌደራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ መድረክ ስራ አስፈፃሚ የነበሩት “ህጋዊ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲን ሽፋን በማድረግ  የአሸባሪ ቡድን የሆነው ኦነግ አባል ሆነዋል” በሚል ክስ ተመስርቶባቸው የ8 ዓመት እሥር የተበየነባቸው ሲሆን፤ ይግባኝ ጠይቀው እስሩ ወደ 5 ዓመት ዝቅ ተደርጎላቸዋል፡፡

Seenaa adabbii yakka yoo ilaalle, adabbiin balleessaa adda addaa hordofuun kennamaa ture baay’ee suukaneessaa fi kaayyoo sirna haqaa yakka hammayyaa irraa kan fagaate ture. Adabbiin haala akkasiin kennamaa ture qajeeltoowwanii fi ulaagaalee seera yakka, mirga dhala namaa fi bulchiinsa sirna haqaa yakka kan hin hordofnee fi gonkumaa sirnaa fi qajeeltoo ittiin hogganamu kan hin qabne ture. Haata’u malee, guddina sirna seeraa adda addaa fi dagaagina gaaffii mirga dhala namaa wajjin qajeeltoowwan seera yakkaa fi adabbiin yakkaas guddachaa dhufaniiru.Seerotni adabbii yakkaas adeemsaan boca qabachaa fi qajeeltoowwan bu’uuraa ittiin hogganaman uummachaa deemuun yeroo ammaa kana adabbiin yakkaa haala kabaja mirga namummaa yakkamtootaa hin tuqneen, galma fi kaayyoo seera yakkaa fi bulchiinsa sirna haqaa yakka galmeessisuu danda’utti qophaa’ee fi diriiree jira, raawwiin isaa rakkoo haa qabaatuyyuu malee.

In a business world, business persons boldly strive to get the patronage or custom of consumers to survive and amassed the hefty of benefit in the market. As the business environment exposed to stiff and harsh competition market actors conclude various types of arrangements or agreement to be successful in the market. Among those business arrangements which business persons routinely entered, merger is the one.

The Ethiopian law of tax enforcement experienced a drastic change following the tax reforms of the 2002. Introduction of self-executing tax enforcement mechanisms was among the grand shifts in the country’s tax system. Previously, the only means of ensuring prompt and certain collection of delinquent taxes was through the time taking judicial proceeding. The disapproved judicial means of enforcing delinquent taxes is now replaced by a self-executing enforcement scheme called ‘tax foreclosure.’